diode
I nā ʻāpana uila, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kahi mea me nā electrodes ʻelua e ʻae wale i ka holo ʻana o kēia manawa ma kahi ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi no kāna hana hoʻoponopono. A hoʻohana ʻia nā diodes varactor e like me nā capacitors hiki ke hoʻololi. ʻO ke kuhikuhi o kēia manawa i loaʻa i ka hapa nui o nā diodes i kapa ʻia ʻo ka hana "hoʻoponopono". ʻO ka hana maʻamau o ka diode, ʻo ia ka ʻae ʻana i ke au e hele i ka ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi wale nō (i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka bias mua), a e ālai iā ia ma hope (i ʻike ʻia ʻo reverse bias). No laila, hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia nā diodes e like me nā mana uila o nā kiwi loiloi.
ʻO nā diodes uila mua loa; He mea uila e hiki ke hoʻokele i kēia manawa me ka unidirectionally. Aia kahi hui PN me ʻelua mau pahu alakaʻi i loko o ka diode semiconductor, a ʻo kēia mea uila he unidirectional conductivity o kēia manawa e like me ke kuhikuhi o ka volta i noi ʻia. ʻO ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, ʻo ka diode crystal he pn junction interface i hana ʻia e ka sintering p-type a me n-type semiconductors. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻāpana hoʻoili lewa ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o kāna interface, e hana ana i kahi kahua uila i kūkulu ʻia. Ke like ka volta i hoʻohana ʻia me ka ʻole, ʻo ka diffusion au i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa o nā mea lawe uku ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka junction pn a me ke ʻano drift i hoʻokumu ʻia e ke kahua uila i kūkulu ʻia e like a ma kahi kūlana equilibrium uila, ʻo ia hoʻi. ke ʻano o nā diodes ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau.
Hoʻokomo ʻia nā diodes mua i "nā pahu ʻumiʻumi cat" a me nā paipu ʻūhā (i ʻike ʻia ʻo "nā kīwī ionization wela" ma UK). ʻO nā diodes maʻamau i kēia mau lā ke hoʻohana nui nei i nā mea semiconductor e like me ke silika a i ʻole germanium.

hiʻona
Ka manaʻo maikaʻi
Ke hoʻohana ʻia ka uila i mua, i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hiʻohiʻona i mua, liʻiliʻi loa ka uila i mua a ʻaʻole lawa e lanakila i ka hopena pale o ke kahua uila i loko o ka hui PN. ʻO ke au i mua ua aneane ʻaʻole, a ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻāpana ʻo ka ʻāpana make. ʻO ka volta mua i hiki ʻole ke hana i ka diode i kapa ʻia ʻo ka volta zona make. Ke ʻoi aku ka nui o ka volta i mua ma mua o ka volta āpana make, ua lanakila ke kahua uila i loko o ka hui PN, holo ka diode i ka ʻaoʻao i mua, a piʻi wikiwiki ke ʻano me ka piʻi ʻana o ka volta. I loko o ka laulā maʻamau o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia manawa, ʻaneʻane mau ka volta terminal o ka diode i ka wā o ka hoʻokele ʻana, a ua kapa ʻia kēia volta ʻo ka volta mua o ka diode. Ke ʻoi aku ka nui o ka volta i mua o ka diode i kekahi waiwai, ua nāwaliwali ke kahua uila kūloko, piʻi wikiwiki ke ʻano o kēia manawa, a holo ka diode i ke ala i mua. Kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka volta paepae a i ʻole ka volta paepae, ma kahi o 0.5V no nā paipu silicon a ma kahi o 0.1V no nā paipu germanium. He 0.6-0.8V ka hāʻule ʻana o ka volta conduction mua o nā diodes silicon, a ʻo ka hāʻule ʻana o ka uila uila mua o nā diodes germanium ma kahi o 0.2-0.3V.
Polarity hoʻohuli
I ka wā ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka volta hoʻohuli i hoʻopili ʻia, ʻo ka mea e hele ana ma ka diode ke ʻano hoʻohuli i hana ʻia e ka neʻe drift o nā mea lawe liʻiliʻi. Ma muli o ke au liʻiliʻi hoʻohuli, aia ka diode i kahi ʻoki ʻoki. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia ʻano hoʻohuli ʻia ʻo ka reverse saturation current a i ʻole leakage current, a ua hoʻopilikia nui ʻia ke ʻano saturation o ka diode e ka wela. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke au hope o kahi transistor silika maʻamau ma mua o ka transistor germanium. ʻO ke au o ka saturation hoʻohuli o kahi transistor silikon mana haʻahaʻa ma ke ʻano o ka nA, ʻoiai ʻo ka transistor germanium mana haʻahaʻa ma ke kauoha o μ A. Ke piʻi ka mahana, hoʻohauʻoli ka semiconductor i ka wela, ka helu o nā piʻi ka poʻe lawe liʻiliʻi, a ke piʻi aʻe nei ke au o ka saturation huli.

hakihaki
Ke ʻoi aku ka nui o ka volta hoʻohuli i kekahi waiwai, e piʻi koke ke ʻano hoʻohuli, ʻo ia ka mea i kapa ʻia he uila. ʻO ka volta koʻikoʻi e hoʻopau ai i ka uila i kapa ʻia ʻo ka diode reverse breakdown voltage. I ka wā e haki ai ka uila, nalowale ka diode i kona conductivity unidirectional. Inā ʻaʻole wela ka diode ma muli o ka haki ʻana o ka uila, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopau mau ʻia kona conductivity unidirectional. Hiki ke hoʻihoʻi hou ʻia kāna hana ma hope o ka wehe ʻana i ka volta i hoʻopili ʻia, i ʻole e pōʻino ka diode. No laila, pono e pale ʻia ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka diode i ka wā e hoʻohana ai.
ʻO ka diode kahi mea hoʻohana ʻelua me ka conductivity unidirectional, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā diodes uila a me nā diodes kristal. He haʻahaʻa ka maikaʻi o nā diodes uila ma mua o nā diodes kristal ma muli o ka nalowale o ka wela o ke filament, no laila ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia lākou. ʻOi aku ka maʻamau a hoʻohana mau ʻia nā diodes kristal. Hoʻohana ʻia ka conductivity unidirectional o nā diodes ma kahi o nā kaapuni uila a pau, a he kuleana koʻikoʻi nā diodes semiconductor i nā kaapuni he nui. ʻO lākou kekahi o nā mea semiconductor mua loa a loaʻa kahi ākea o nā noi.
ʻO 0.7V ka hāʻule ʻana o ka uila i mua o kahi diode silicon (ʻano luminous ʻole), aʻo ka hāʻule ʻana o ka uila i mua o kahi diode germanium he 0.3V. ʻOkoʻa ka hāʻule ʻana o ka uila i mua o kahi diode māmā me nā kala ʻālohilohi like ʻole. ʻEkolu mau waihoʻoluʻu, a ʻo nā helu kikoʻī e hāʻule ana i ka uila e like me kēia: ʻo ka hāʻule uila o nā diodes ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula he 2.0-2.2V, ʻo ka hāʻule uila o nā diodes kukui melemele he 1.8-2.0V, a ʻo ka uila. ʻO ka hāʻule o nā diodes kukui'ōmaʻomaʻo he 3.0-3.2V. ʻO ka helu o kēia manawa i ka hoʻokuʻu māmā maʻamau ma kahi o 20mA.
ʻAʻole pili laina ka volta a me ke au o kahi diode, no laila ke hoʻohui ʻia nā diodes like ʻole i ka like, pono e hoʻopili ʻia nā mea pale kūpono.

ʻōpuni hiʻona
E like me PN junctions, diodes i unidirectional conductivity. ʻO ke ʻano maʻamau volt ampere ʻano o ka diode silika. Ke hoʻohana ʻia ka volta i mua i kahi diode, liʻiliʻi loa ke au i ka haʻahaʻa ʻana o ka waiwai uila; Ke piʻi ka uila ma mua o 0.6V, hoʻomaka ka nui o kēia manawa e hoʻonui i ka exponentially, ka mea maʻamau i kapa ʻia ʻo ka volta turn-on o ka diode; Ke piʻi ka voltage ma kahi o 0.7V, aia ka diode i kahi kūlana conductive piha, i kapa pinepine ʻia ʻo ka volta conduction o ka diode, i hōʻike ʻia e ka hōʻailona UD.
No nā diodes germanium, ʻo 0.2V ka volta hoʻohuli a ʻo ka volta conduction UD ma kahi o 0.3V. Ke hoʻohana ʻia ka volta hoʻohuli i kahi diode, liʻiliʻi loa ke ʻano i ka wā e haʻahaʻa ai ka waiwai o ka volta, a ʻo kona waiwai i kēia manawa ʻo ia ka IS. Ke ʻoi aku ka nui o ka volta hoʻohuli i kahi waiwai, hoʻomaka ke ʻano o kēia manawa e piʻi nui, i kapa ʻia ʻo reverse breakdown. Kapa ʻia kēia voli i ka volit breakdown reverse o ka diode a ua hōʻike ʻia e ka hōʻailona UBR. ʻOkoʻa loa nā waiwai UBR o nā ʻano diodes ʻokoʻa, mai ka ʻumi volts a hiki i kekahi mau tausani volts.

Haʻihaʻi hope
ʻO ka haki ʻana o Zener
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ʻelua mau ʻano e pili ana i ka mīkini: Zener breakdown a me Avalanche breakdown. I ka hihia o ka manaʻo doping kiʻekiʻe, ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o ka laula o ka ʻāina pale a me ka nui o ka uila huli ʻana, ua luku ʻia ka hale paʻa covalent i ka ʻāina pale, e hoʻokaʻawale ai nā electrons valence mai nā paʻa covalent a hana i nā lua electron hole, ka hopena o ka piʻi ʻana o ke au. Kapa ʻia kēia haʻihaʻi ʻo Zener breakdown. Inā haʻahaʻa ka manaʻo doping a ākea ka laula o ka ʻāpana pale, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ke kumu i ka haki ʻana o Zener.

Haʻihaʻi ʻauwaha
ʻO kekahi ʻano o ka haʻihaʻi ʻana he avalanche breakdown. Ke piʻi aʻe ka uila hope i kahi waiwai nui, hoʻonui ka māla uila i ka wikiwiki o ka neʻe ʻana o ka electron, me ka hoʻoulu ʻana me nā electron valence i loko o ka paʻa covalent, kikeke iā lākou i waho o ka paʻa covalent a hana i nā lua electron hou. Hoʻonui ʻia nā lua electrons hou e kahi māla uila a hui pū me nā electrons valence ʻē aʻe, e hoʻoulu ai i ka avalanche e like me ka piʻi ʻana o nā mea lawe ukana a me ka piʻi ʻana o ka manawa. Kapa ʻia kēia ʻano haʻihaʻi ʻana i ka avalanche breakdown. No ke ʻano o ka haʻihaʻi ʻana, inā ʻaʻole i kaupalena ʻia ke au, hiki ke hōʻeha mau i ka hui PN.