ʻEhia mau ana ʻepekema e pono ai e calibrate i kahi ʻōpuʻu kukui LED? No nā mea noiʻi ma ka National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻo kēia helu ka hapalua o ka mea i loaʻa i kekahi mau pule i hala. I Iune, ua hoʻomaka ʻo NIST e hāʻawi i nā lawelawe calibration wikiwiki, pololei, a mālama i ka hana no ka loiloi ʻana i ka ʻōlinolino o nā kukui LED a me nā huahana kukui paʻa. ʻO nā mea kūʻai aku o kēia lawelawe me nā mea hana kukui LED a me nā hale hana calibration ʻē aʻe. No ka laʻana, hiki i ke kukui calibrated ke hōʻoia i ka 60 watt like LED puʻupuʻu i loko o ke kukui pākaukau ua like maoli me 60 watts, a i ʻole e hōʻoia i ka mea hoʻokele i loko o ka jet fighter i loaʻa nā kukui alahele kūpono.

Pono nā mea hana LED e hōʻoia i nā kukui a lākou e hana ai e like me ka mālamalama e like me ka hoʻolālā ʻana. No ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēia, e calibrate i kēia mau kukui me ka photometer, kahi mea hana e hiki ke ana i ka ʻōlinolino ma nā lōʻihi nalu a pau me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka ʻike maoli o ka maka kanaka i nā kala like ʻole. No nā makahiki he mau makahiki, ua hoʻokō ka hale hana photometric o NIST i nā koi ʻoihana ma o ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā lawelawe kukui LED a me nā lawelawe calibration photometric. Aia kēia lawelawe i ke ana ʻana i ka ʻōlinolino o ka LED o ka mea kūʻai aku a me nā kukui paʻa paʻa ʻē aʻe, a me ka calibrating i ka mīkini paʻi kiʻi ponoʻī a ka mea kūʻai aku. Aia a hiki i kēia manawa, ke ana ʻo ka NIST laboratory i ka ʻōlinolino o ka puʻupuʻu me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, me ka hewa ma waena o 0.5% a me 1.0%, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā lawelawe calibration mainstream.
I kēia manawa, mahalo i ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana o ka hale hana, ua hoʻopākolu ka hui NIST i kēia mau kānalua i ka 0.2% a i ʻole. ʻO kēia hoʻokō e hana i ka ʻōlinolino LED hou a me ka lawelawe ʻana i ka photometer calibration kekahi o nā mea maikaʻi loa o ka honua. Ua hōʻemi nui ka poʻe ʻepekema i ka manawa calibration. Ma nā ʻōnaehana kahiko, ʻo ka hana ʻana i ka calibration no nā mea kūʻai aku e lawe ʻia i kahi lā holoʻokoʻa. Ua ʻōlelo ka mea noiʻi NIST ʻo Cameron Miller e hoʻohana ʻia ka hapa nui o ka hana no ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i kēlā me kēia ana, hoʻololi i nā kumu kukui a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea ʻike maka, e nānā lima i ka mamao ma waena o nā mea ʻelua, a laila hoʻonohonoho hou i nā mea hana no ke ana aʻe.
Akā i kēia manawa, aia i loko o ke keʻena hana nā papa ʻaina ʻelua, hoʻokahi no ke kumu kukui a ʻo kekahi no ka mea ʻike. Ke neʻe nei ka papa ʻaina ma ka ʻōnaehana track a kau i ka mea ʻike ma kahi o 0 a 5 mau mika mai ka mālamalama. Hiki ke mālama ʻia ka mamao ma loko o 50 mau ʻāpana o ka miliona o hoʻokahi mika (micrometer), ʻo ia ka hapalua o ka laula o ka lauoho kanaka. Hiki iā Zong lāua ʻo Miller ke hoʻolālā i nā papa e neʻe pili i kekahi i kekahi me ka ʻole o ka hoʻomau ʻana o ke kanaka. Ma mua he lā, akā i kēia manawa hiki ke hoʻopau i loko o kekahi mau hola. ʻAʻole pono e pani hou i nā mea hana, aia nā mea āpau a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i kēlā me kēia manawa, e hāʻawi ana i nā mea noiʻi i ke kūʻokoʻa nui e hana i nā mea he nui i ka manawa like no ka mea ua hoʻohana ʻia.
Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻi i ke keʻena e hana i nā hana ʻē aʻe i ka wā e holo ana. Manaʻo ka poʻe noiʻi NIST e hoʻonui ka waihona mea kūʻai aku i ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka hale hana i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona hou. No ka laʻana, hiki i ka mea hou ke calibrate i nā kāmeʻa hyperspectral, e ana i ka lōʻihi o ka nalu māmā ma mua o nā kāmela maʻamau e hopu wale i ʻekolu a ʻehā mau kala. Mai ke kiʻi lāʻau lapaʻau a hiki i ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi ukali o ka Honua, e ulu nui ana nā kāmela hyperspectral. ʻO ka ʻike i hāʻawi ʻia e nā kāmela hyperspectral e pili ana i ka honua a me nā mea kanu e hiki ai i nā ʻepekema ke wānana i ka wī a me nā waikahe, a hiki ke kōkua i nā kaiāulu i ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā pilikia pilikia a me nā pōʻino. Hiki i ke keʻena hana hou ke maʻalahi a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka poʻe noiʻi e calibrate i nā hōʻike kelepona, a me nā hōʻike TV a me nā kamepiula.

Ka mamao pololei
No ka calibrate i ka mea kūʻai photometer, ʻepekema ma NIST hoʻohana i nā kumu kukui broadband e hoʻomālamalama i nā mea ʻike, ʻo ia ke kukui keʻokeʻo me nā lōʻihi hawewe lehulehu (nā waihoʻoluʻu), a maopopo loa kona ʻōlinolino no ka mea ua hana ʻia nā ana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi kiʻi maʻamau NIST. ʻAʻole like me nā lasers, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia kēia ʻano kukui keʻokeʻo, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole i hui pū ʻia nā kukui āpau o nā nalu like ʻole me kekahi. Ma kahi hiʻohiʻona kūpono, no ke ana pololei loa, e hoʻohana ka poʻe noiʻi i nā laser tunable e hana i ka mālamalama me nā lōʻihi hawewe hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia, no laila hoʻokahi wale nō ka nalu o ka mālamalama i hoʻomālamalama ʻia ma ka mea ʻike i ka manawa. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā laser hiki ke hoʻonui i ka ratio hōʻailona-a-noise o ke ana.
Eia nō naʻe, i ka wā ma mua, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā laser tunable no ka calibrate photometers no ka mea ua hoʻopilikia nā lasers lōʻihi hawewe hoʻokahi iā lākou iho ma ke ʻano e hoʻohui i nā ʻano leo like ʻole i ka hōʻailona e pili ana i ka lōʻihi nalu i hoʻohana ʻia. Ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hale hana, ua hana ʻo Zong i kahi hoʻolālā photometer maʻamau e hōʻemi i kēia walaʻau i kahi pae haʻahaʻa. ʻO kēia ka mea hiki ke hoʻohana i nā laser tunable no ka manawa mua e calibrate i nā photometers me nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi hou aʻe o ka hoʻolālā hou, ʻo ia ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā lako kukui, ʻoiai ua pale ʻia ka puka nani ma hope o ka puka aniani i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. Pono ke ana o ka ikaika i ka ike pololei i ka mamao o ka mea ike mai ke kumu malamalama.
A hiki i kēia manawa, e like me ka hapa nui o nā hale hana photometry ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka hale hana NIST kahi ala kiʻekiʻe e ana i kēia mamao. ʻO kēia kekahi ma muli o ka maʻalahi o ka puka o ka mea ʻike, kahi e hōʻiliʻili ai ka mālamalama, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopā ʻia e ka mea ana. ʻO kahi hopena maʻamau no ka poʻe noiʻi e ana mua i ka mālamalama o ke kumu kukui a hoʻomālamalama i kahi ʻili me kahi wahi. A laila, e hoʻohana i kēia ʻike no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i kēia mau mamao me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kānāwai square square, e wehewehe ana i ka emi ʻana o ka ikaika o kahi kumu kukui me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mamao. ʻAʻole maʻalahi kēia ana ʻelua ʻanuʻu e hoʻokō a hoʻolauna i kahi kānalua ʻē aʻe. Me ka ʻōnaehana hou, hiki i ka hui ke haʻalele i ke ʻano kuʻekuʻe inverse a hoʻoholo pololei i ka mamao.
Ke hoʻohana nei kēia ʻano i kahi pahupaʻi microscope, me kahi microscope e noho ana ma ke kahua kumu kukui a e kālele ana i nā māka kūlana ma ke kahua ʻike. Aia ka microscope lua ma ka papa hana ʻike a nānā i nā māka kūlana ma ka papa hana kumu kukui. E hoʻoholo i ka mamao ma ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka puka o ka mea ʻike a me ke kūlana o ke kumu kukui i ke kiko o kā lākou microscopes. He mea maʻalahi loa nā microscopes i ka defocusing, a hiki ke ʻike i kahi mau micrometers ka mamao. ʻO ke ana mamao hou e hiki ai i nā mea noiʻi ke ana i ka "ikaika maoli" o nā LED, kahi helu kaʻawale e hōʻike ana he kūʻokoʻa ka nui o nā kukui i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e nā LED.
Ma waho aʻe o kēia mau hiʻohiʻona hou, ua hoʻohui pū nā mea ʻepekema NIST i kekahi mau mea kani, e like me kahi mea i kapa ʻia he goniometer e hiki ke hoʻohuli i nā kukui LED e ana i ka nui o ka mālamalama i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma nā kihi like ʻole. I nā mahina e hiki mai ana, manaʻolana ʻo Miller lāua ʻo Zong e hoʻohana i kahi spectrophotometer no kahi lawelawe hou: e ana i ka ultraviolet (UV) puka o nā LED. ʻO nā mea hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia o LED no ka hana ʻana i nā kukuna ultraviolet, ʻo ia ka mea ʻai irradiating e hoʻolōʻihi i kona ola, a me ka wai disinfecting a me nā mea lapaʻau. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, hoʻohana ʻia ka irradiation pāʻoihana i ke kukui ultraviolet i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e nā kukui vapor mercury.